Engineering Surveys II

Contouring: Direct and Indirect methods, contour interpolation, contour sections, Uses of contour plans and maps.  Trigonometrical Surveying: triangulation figures, adjustment of a chain of triangles, quadrilateral and centre point polygon.  Theory of errors.  Areas and volumes: calculation of plan areas, cross-sectional areas and volumes.  Setting out of engineering works: general principles, sewers and drains, buildings, roads and railways.  Curves. Elementary topographical surveying: Elements of photogrammetry, photographic equipment, aerial photographs. Errors of measurement.  Stereoscopy.  Photographic airplanes, flight planning.  Parallax measurement, Heighting.  Uses and application of air photography.  Hydrographic surveys: shoreline surveys, determination of mean – sea level (MSL), methods of sounding.