Biology of Extreme Environments

Chemoheterotrophy, chemoautotrophy and phototrophy.  Geochemical cycles, e.g. the S and N cycles. How microorganisms thrive in extreme environments on Earth, e.g. salt lakes and hydrothermal vents. Microorganisms that exist in extreme, non-Earth environments such as Mars. How life might have originated on the pre-biotic Earth. Potentials and application of related biological versatility in biotech industries.