Clinical and Environmental Toxicology

Basic principles of toxicology: Historical background, Definition of basic concepts in toxicology. Toxicity: Drug toxicity and adverse drug reactions. Toxic effects: acute, sub chronic, chronic; systemic toxic effects; organ specific toxic effects.  Factors influencing toxicity: Genetic factors, etc.  Measurement and evaluation of toxicity: Toxicity testing methods: Animal studies, human (clinical) studies, epidemiology studies. Poisons, and antidotes (Heavy metals and environmental pollutants; acute and chronic effects of environmental pollution). Management of poisoning: Management of acute drug poisoning. Plant, bacterial and animal poisoning. Solvent poisoning. Pesticides and herbicides. Radiation toxicology. Air-borne poisoning.  Food additives and food poisoning. Poisoning caused by animal bites. Heavy metals and chelating agents.  Toxicology of drug-drug, drug – herb and drug – food interactions.  Substance abuse.