Bioenergetics

High-energy compounds: chemical potentials. Flow of energy and matter in the biosphere. The laws of thermodynamics and their applications to biological systems. Concept of free energy and free energy changes in biochemical processes. Endergonic exergonic reactions. Thermodynamics of open systems. Disequilibrium as a condition for life. Metabolic pathway as an open thermodynamics system. Concept of equilibrium and non-equilibrium reactions high energy compounds and their importance in biochemical reactions, chemical potential, electrochemical potential. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Regulation of ATP production.